Category: Uncategorized

‘Chavez – Inside The Coup’ to be repeated

Published March 14, 2003

The Hugo Chavez documentary I enthused about last month will be repeated tomorrow on Irish TV, on Network 2, at 9:25 pm. Strongly recommend seeing this, if you can.

Thanks to Brian Greene for pointing this out...

laugh and you’re dead

Published March 14, 2003

Humour:Guardian: The joke's on Saddam: In northern Iraq, they're laughing at Saddam Hussein. Luke Harding meets two comedians who have dared to cock a snook at the ruthless dictator - and annoyed him so much that he ordered their assassination.

The film was screened on Kurdish television; and after decades of official repression, it was a huge hit. Saddam's vigilant agents dispatched a CD copy to Baghdad. The Iraqi president was not amused. His response, when it came, was predictable: he sent several assassins to northern Iraq to kill the entire cast. 'Fortunately the guys were all arrested (by the Kurdish authorities),' Hassan recalls. 'They were found carrying a list. All our names were on it.'

With your fetlocks flowing in the… wind

Published March 14, 2003

Life imitates Father Ted. It seems the Irish Eurovision entry sounds very similar to the Danish entry from 2000, which, if true, is almost exactly the subject of a classic episode of cult comedy TV show Father Ted, My Lovely Horse.

Dougal: 'So we wouldn't be stealing the song then?' Ted: 'No, it'd be more like we were keeping their memory alive.' Dougal: 'So if we won we could give the prize money to their relatives?' Ted: 'Yeah, we'll play that by ear.'

The full low-down on the episode is here. Classic...

Anyway, I'm now in sunny SoCal, set up with more bandwidth than I've had in over a year. In fact, I'm swimming in bandwidth. Plus a decent pair of speakers for the ol' MP3 collection, at last (my last set are in storage and have been for 3 months)... happy happy joy joy.

Myself and my cat had a 16-hour flight, and somehow or other, he seems satisfied. Well, I suppose as long as the catfood and lots of petting is forthcoming, life is grass for this fella. Easily satisfied!

Date: Tue, 11 Mar 2003 17:09:01 +0000
From: Joe McNally (spam-protected)
To: Yahoogroups Forteana (spam-protected)
Subject: My Lovely Horse

http://www.irishnews.com/access/daily/current.asp?SID=428546

Real life repeat of Father Ted feared

By Staff reporter

IRELAND'S Eurovision hope Mickey Joe Harte has rubbished claims that his song bears a close resemblance to Denmark's winning entry of 2000.

Eurovision fans were complaining of deja vu yesterday when listening to We've Got the World, which will be sung by the Lifford father-of-two. The song - written by Mark Brannigan and Keith Molloy

is said to sound eerily like Fly on the Wings of Love, sung by the

Danish Olsen Brothers three years ago.

Mickey Joe last night said he 'honestly couldn't see the similarity', but added that the first line of the chorus could be said to resemble the Danish entry.

Phil Coulter, one of the judges who watched thousands of young hopefuls perform in RTE's You're a Star talent show - which Mickey Joe won on Sunday night - also insisted any similarity between the two songs was purely coincidental.

But RTE's Joe Duffy radio programme was inundated with calls from listeners who were terrified that Ireland was setting itself up for a Father Ted-like fiasco.

Listener Frank O'Reilly told Duffy that his daughter Claire, a Eurovision fanatic, spotted the similarity immediately and revealed that the words of one song could be sung over the melody of the second.

A second listener, called Margaret, also said she and her children had started singing the Danish song in their sitting room on the first night they heard We've Got the World.

Ironically, an episode of the hit Channel 4 comedy Father Ted featured the title character, played by Dermot Morgan, and his sidekick Fr Dougal, bidding for Eurovision glory with a 'borrowed' song from another Scandinavian country in a previous year.

Phil Coulter admitted that the Irish song was reminiscent of the Olsen ditty, but insisted there 'was nothing intrinsically original' about the Danish song.

'There is no question that there is going to be any kind of objection and there is no question that any objection would be upheld,' he added. -- Joe McNally :: Flaneur at Large :: http://www.flaneur.org.uk

RSPCA mixing it up with spammers

Published March 10, 2003

Danny notes that the RSPCA has been making some friends down in Boca Raton. Now that's salubrious...

More on SCO v IBM

Published March 8, 2003

LWN on the case. An excellent commentary, and features this lovely user-posted comment as well:

'Without access to such equipment, facilities, sophisticated methods, concepts and coordinated know-how, it would be difficult or impossible for the Linux development community to create a grade of Linux adequate for enterprise use.'

Alan Cox wrote the first SMP version of Linux. Do you know who bought Alan the hardware? It was Caldera :-)

Not IBM, after all, but Caldera -- who are now part of the SCO group. This usenet posting from 1995 backs that up, as does the Caldera-badged Linux SMP page.

‘Prestigious Non-Accredited Degree’ sites shut down

Published March 7, 2003

The BBC reports that trading standards officials from the UK and US have successfully shut down an Israeli/Romanian/US-based fake-degree spam operation. Or maybe they've just shut down 3 websites, which is all I can see in that report -- that's not going to make a whole lot of difference, so let's hope not.

Date: Fri, 07 Mar 2003 14:09:32 +0000
From: "Tim Chapman" (spam-protected)
To: forteana (spam-protected)
Subject: Bogus degree sites shut down

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2829237.stm

Last Updated: Friday, 7 March, 2003, 12:19 GMT Bogus degree sites shut down

Several websites offering fake British degrees for up to £1,000 each have been closed down following a joint operation in the UK and US.

The certificates, from 14 made-up institutions, were used by hundreds of unqualified people, mainly in North America, to gain jobs in areas such as teaching, computing and childcare.

The operation, which employed 30 staff in Romania, targeted millions of people every day with circular e-mails.

Trading standards officers in Enfield, north London, worked with their US counterparts for four years before the US District Court ordered the closure of the sites.

Investigator Tony Allen said: "It was a difficult operation to crack. The problem was that the people sending out the e-mails weren't conning anyone.

'Worrying'

"Those people who bought the degrees knew exactly what they were doing. The complaints we received were actually from colleagues of those who got jobs by lying.

"It's worrying that they got into such important and responsible positions using the fake degrees."

Among the institutions created for the websites were the University of Palmers Green, the University of Wexford and Harrington University. The operation, run by a man and a woman, both Israeli, was based at offices in Israel, Romania and the US. It is thought to have made millions of pounds.

The bogus institutions used a drop box in Green Lanes, London, as a postal address.

Under the Education Reform Act of 1988 it is an offence to supply a degree unless approved to do so by the Education Secretary.

Higher education minister Margaret Hodge said: "Many overseas organisations use the UK's name and higher education reputation to offer their own 'degrees' over the internet, so I welcome this action to clamp down on such operations.

"This demonstrates that action can be taken with the use of international co-operation. I take this matter very seriously.''

SCO sues IBM over Linux

Published March 7, 2003

SCO sues IBM (via Slashdot) . Talk about self-immolation: sue IBM, of all companies, with an intellectual property case. One SCO claim:

'It is not possible for Linux to rapidly reach Unix performance standards for complete enterprise functionality without the misappropriation of Unix code.'

Apart from the fact that SMP is just not a state-of-the-art thing any more; things move on! Perhaps if SCO/Novell/USL hadn't sat on their hands for 10 years, swapping IP and suing BSDI, they'd still be in the game. Anyway, here's what the analysts think:

'It's a fairly end-of-life move for the stockholders and managers of that company,' said Jonathan Eunice, an Illuminata analyst. 'Really what beat SCO is not any problem with what IBM did; it's what the market decided. This is a way of salvaging value out of the SCO franchise they can't get by winning in the marketplace.'

He said it.

Cough Cheat Millionaire transcript

Published March 6, 2003

The transcript of the "Who Wants To Be A Millionaire" episode at the centre of a current UK court case; the producers claim that the contestant cheated, with the aid of a coughing accomplice. Going by this transcript, it's an open-and-shut case IMO.

Date: Thu, 06 Mar 2003 09:56:42 +0000
From: Tom Farrell (spam-protected)
To: (spam-protected)
Subject: cough cheat millionaire transcript

The major answered the first three questions, but got into difficulty on question six, using the "ask the audience" lifeline when confronted with a question about Coronation Street. He struggled on the next question about the location of the river Foyle and phoned a friend.

As the questions became harder, Major Ingram often appeared unsure and wrestled out loud with several options, often going for a different answer from the one he initially appeared to choose.

Mr Hilliard said there was "a bit of an attempt to make it look like a sweat, some furrowing of the brow ... complete changes of mind coincide with the coughs; if you look at the whole picture, that's what's going on."

Major Ingram struggled on question eight, when he was asked who Jacqueline Kennedy's second husband had been. On two occasions, when he said the correct answer - Aristotle Onassis - out loud, a cough was heard, which the prosecution claims came from Mr Whittock.

For £125,000, Major Ingram was asked about the Holbein painting the Ambassadors.

Major Ingram: "I think I'm going to go for Holbein."

A cough is heard. Major Ingram says this is his final answer, and is told he is right.

During the next question there was a series of coughs as Major Ingram struggled with the question.

Tarrant asked: "What kind of garment is an Anthony Eden? An overcoat, hat, shoe, tie?"

Major Ingram: "I think it is a hat."

Cough.

Major Ingram: "Again I'm not sure. I think it is..."

Coughing.

Major Ingram: "I am sure it is a hat. Am I sure?"

Cough.

Major Ingram: "Yes, hat, it's a hat."

To cheers, Tarrant told him it was the right answer. Then for the £500,000 question, he was asked: "Baron Haussmann is best known for his planning of which city? Rome, Paris, Berlin, Athens."

Major Ingram: "I think it is Berlin. I think Haussmann is a more German name than Italian or Parisian or Athens. I am really not sure. I'm never sure. If I was at home, I would be saying Berlin if I was watching this on TV."

A loud cough was then heard, and the prosecution claim that Mr Whittock resorted to the "desperate measure" of saying the word "no" under cover of a cough.

Major Ingram: "I do not think it's Paris."

Cough.

Major Ingram: "I do not think it's Athens, I am sure it is not Rome. I would have thought it's Berlin but there's a chance it is Paris but I am not sure. Think, think, think! I know I have read this, I think it is Berlin, it could be Paris. I think it is Paris."

Cough.

Major Ingram: "Yes, I am going to play."

Tarrant: "Hang on, where are we?"

Major Ingram: "I am just talking to myself. It is either Berlin or Paris. I think it is Paris."

Cough.

Major Ingram: "I am going to play Paris."

Tarrant: "You were convinced it was Berlin."

Major Ingram: "I know. I think it's Paris."

Tarrant: "He thought it was Berlin, Berlin, Berlin. You changed your answer
to Paris. That brought you £500,000. What a man! What a man. Quite an amazing man."

Then came the £1m pound question: "A number one followed by 100 zeros is known by what name? A googol, a megatron, a gigabit or a nanomole?"

Major Ingram: "I am not sure."

Tarrant: "Charles, you've not been sure since question number two."

Major Ingram: "The doubt is multiplied. I think it is nanomole but it could be a gigabit, but I am not sure. I do not think I can do this one. I do not think it is a megatron. I do not think I have heard of a googol."

Cough.

Major Ingram: "Googol, googol, googol. By a process of elimination I have to think it's a googol but I do not know what a googol is. I do not think it's a gigabit, nanomole, and I do not think it's a megatron. I really do think it's a googol."

Tarrant: "But you think it's a nanomole. You have never heard of a googol."

Major Ingram: "It has to be a googol."

Tarrant: "It's also the only chance you will have to lose £468,000. You are
going for the one you have never heard of."

Major Ingram: "I do not mind taking the odd risk now and again. My strategy has been direct so far - take it by the bit and go for it. I've been very positive, I think. I do not think it's a gigabit, I do not think it's a nanomole or megatron. I am sure it's a googol."

Cough.

Major Ingram: "Surely, surely."

Tarrant: "You lose £468,000 if you are wrong."

Major Ingram: "No, it's a googol. God, is it a googol? Yes, it's a googol. Yes, yes, it's a googol."

Cough.

Major Ingram: "I am going to play googol."

After a break, Tarrant said: "He initially went for nanomole, he then went through the various options again. He then went for googol because he had never heard of it and he had heard of the other three. You've just won £1m."

er, retraction

Published March 6, 2003

er, retraction

Published March 6, 2003

Who the fuck is Amanda Perez?

Published March 6, 2003

and why is she spamming me?

From: "Amanda Perez" amandaperez@virginrecords.com To: 20021202123631.31AB416F1F@jmason.org

Let's send Amanda Perez and her new video 'Angel' to the top of MTV's Total Request Live!

I don't think so. How's about reporting her to SpamCop instead?

Wow, Virgin Records, you are in so much trouble; spamming me with this crap, using a scraped address -- in fact, not even a valid address; it's a Message-Id! That address has never existed to receive mail. Out and out spamming. Unbelievable.

Update: actually, it's probably nothing to do with Virgin, on reflection; nothing in the headers indicates anything apart from a dialup PacBell customer. So, Virgin Records, sorry for all the shouting ;)

Return-path: (spam-protected)
Delivered-to: (spam-protected)
Received: from localhost (jalapeno [127.0.0.1])
by jmason.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4FC7816F17
for (spam-protected) Thu,  6 Mar 2003 11:10:38 +0000 (GMT)
Received: from jalapeno [127.0.0.1]
by localhost with IMAP (fetchmail-5.9.0)
for (spam-protected) (single-drop); Thu, 06 Mar 2003 11:10:38 +0000 (GMT)
Received: from pavillion (adsl-63-202-108-251.dsl.lsan03.pacbell.net
[63.202.108.251]) by dogma.slashnull.org (8.11.6/8.11.6) with ESMTP id
h268Nin26527 for (spam-protected) Thu,
6 Mar 2003 08:23:44 GMT
Message-id: (spam-protected)
Mime-version: 1.0
Content-type: text/plain; charset=''iso-8859-1''
Content-transfer-encoding: 7bit
X-spam-status: No, hits=-5.7 required=5.0
tests=AWL,BAYES_01,CLICK_BELOW,MSG_ID_ADDED_BY_MTA_3,
RCVD_IN_BL_SPAMCOP_NET,T_BLANK_LINE_RATIO_01_40_50,
T_BLANK_LINE_RATIO_04_40_50,T_BLANK_LINE_RATIO_08_40_50,
T_BLANK_LINE_RATIO_20_00_02
version=2.60-cvs
X-spam-level: 
X-spam-checker-version: SpamAssassin 2.60-cvs (1.178-2003-03-03-exp)
Subject: They put me on MTV!
From: ''Amanda Perez'' (spam-protected)
Date: Thu, 06 Mar 2003 00:32:25 -0800 (08:32 GMT)
To: (spam-protected)
Let's send Amanda Perez and her new video ''Angel'' to the top of MTV's Total Request 
Live!
Thanks for helping Amanda get to the top, please try to vote before the week 
is out, and you can see the results on MTV's TRL.
Just click on the link below or paste it into your browser's Address window and 
hit enter to vote for Amanda's video at MTV.com.
http://www.mtv.com/onair/trl/votevideo.jhtml

very nasty new sendmail vulnerability

Published March 3, 2003

Remote Sendmail Header Processing Vulnerability.

Attackers may remotely exploit this vulnerability to gain 'root' or superuser control of any vulnerable Sendmail server. Sendmail and all other email servers are typically exposed to the Internet in order to send and receive Internet email. Vulnerable Sendmail servers will not be protected by legacy security devices such as firewalls and/or packet filters. This vulnerability is especially dangerous because the exploit can be delivered within an email message and the attacker doesn't need any specific knowledge of the target to launch a successful attack.

Sendmail versions from 5.79 to 8.12.7 are vulnerable.

Protection mechanisms such as implementation of a non-executable stack do not offer any protection from exploitation of this vulnerability. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability does not generate any log entries.

Great...

Recent history of the written word, with William Gibson

Published March 3, 2003

William Gibson, talking about why he uses all-caps book titles, gives a short history lesson regarding the rendering of book titles, back in the age of the mimeograph:

Much of my earliest typewriting experience had to do with mimeography, a pre-thermocopy form of reproduction once fairly universal in the world's offices. You typed, once, on a waxed paper 'stencil', clipped this over a silkscreen device with a moving pad or drum of ink behind it, and your mimeograph ran off (or silkscreened, really) as many copies of your document as you required. Owing to the physical peculiarities of the medium, though, it was unwise to underline too frequently on a mimeograph stencil: the single unbroken line was particularly prone to tear, producing leaks and smudging.

People who liked books, and frequently wrote letters, on typewriters, to other people who liked books, tended, free from the constraints of an academic stylesheet, to render titles in all-caps. People who wrote about books for publication in amateur journals (mimeo was an authentic medium of the American samisdat) rendered titles in all-caps in order to avoid stencil-tears. At various times, I was both.

It's such a pleasure having this kind of stuff to read every day!

Returnadores

Published March 1, 2003

Returnadores: a New Life in the Old World. 'Imported from Argentina to help save the village from a decades-long decline in population which threatened its very future, the Paez family has travelled backwards along the path of the first conquistadores and the generations of Spanish emigrants who followed them.'

Random Word of BIG LETTERS

Published March 1, 2003

Leonard notes the 'Random word of mixed symbols with length 1 to 27' type spammer obfuscation, suggesting it's 'open source spam'; I reckon it's more 'literate programming spam', in that it's self-documenting. But it certainly is very wierd. Maybe some spamtool developer has a COBOL fetish.

Anyway, just got back from a very enjoyable work trip to find my visa documents have arrived -- so things are probably going to heat up 'round about Thursday, when I have my interview at the US Embassy. Once that happens, it's full speed ahead on flights, shipping, figuring out how to transport the cat, handing over house to new tenants, etc. etc...

Bitstream come through with Vera

Published February 23, 2003

Bitstream Vera released as a beta. The full release, sometime next month, will use an extremely open license. To quote the FAQ:

Are derivative works allowed?

Yes!

I want to sell a software package that uses these fonts: Can I do so?

Sure. Bundle the fonts with your software and sell your software with the fonts. That is the intent of the copyright.

Hey presto -- open source fonts! Good work by Jim Gettys, Bitstream and GNOME in making these available.

World’s first 419 revenge killing? (fwd)

Published February 21, 2003

BlogStart:

Spam: The Register: World's first 419 revenge killing?

Michael Lekara Wayid, 50, Nigeria's consul in the Czech Republic, was shot dead at the embassy yesterday morning. The embassy's 37-year-old receptionist was shot in the hand during the melee which began after a suspect opened fire after visiting the embassy to discuss an unspecified business matter yesterday morning. A 72-year-old Czech man was arrested at the scene on suspicion of murder, the BBC reports. Unconfirmed, and thus far sketchy reports, suggest the unnamed suspect was a victim of a 419 (AKA advanced fee) fraud.

Now that's taking it a bit too far IMO ;)

A new world for radio regulators

Published February 21, 2003

GNU Radio, which (as noted on Boing Boing) has just released screenshots of a successfully-decoded HDTV signal, is a totally new way to receive (and possibly, in the future, send) radio-frequency signals. The FCC ponder the implications:

The emergence of the low-cost, generally available SDR which can be configured with ... open software will present a new issue for regulators. What will be placed in the hands of the public entrepreneurs, amateurs, and even those with malicious intent will be machines which in principal can emulate, send, and receive any radio signal on any band. ...

Then, with the world-wide availability of software that can even be modified if needed, any radio transmitter or receiver can be emulated. Bans on receiver types will be circumventable with ease. Mandates such as the proposed ATSC broadcast flag will be hard to enforce (and may even fail in the presence of a single web-connected noncompliant receiver). And, although not generally an issue for the Commission, it will be possible to implement proprietary systems without the benefit of any license from the patent holder. Because the software is open, as a practical matter virtually all mandated restrictions will be at risk (except for total power output which remains a classical hardware issue). ...

In the GNU SDR environment, we have the makings of a powerful new technology that has the potential of solving the spectrum management problem, but we may also have other people in the world writing and distributing software with their own agenda.

Wow. That's a brave new world. I wish I knew enough about radio tech to really get a handle on this stuff...

AOL reports on its spam-blocking efforts

Published February 21, 2003

Lycos: AOL reports to Members on Its Efforts to Fight Spam. 'Members Now Reporting 4.1 Million Junk E-Mails Daily To AOL' .... 'AOL announced that its proprietary anti-spam filtering technology is blocking up to 780 million pieces of junk mail every day from reaching member e-mail inboxes, which amounts to an average of 22 blocked spam e-mails per account daily.'

Of course, they don't say how much mail overall arrives at AOL, but I'd hazard a guess it's not much over 1,300 million messages per day based on those figures.

Correction on the Chavez film

Published February 20, 2003

Antoin (a) has a blog, yay, and (b) mailed me to note that the film I blogged about here is actually called The Revolution Will Not Be Televised, and will be shown at SXSW.

If you're going to SXSW, do not miss this movie.

Wierd about the name-change -- Antoin theorises that it's got one name for TV, and a snappier title for film distribution. Who knows?

SpamAssassin 2.50 released!

Published February 20, 2003

SpamAssassin 2.50 released, with Bayesian goodness, auto-learning, and a 97.77% accuracy out-of-the box. Hooray!

Hotmail getting tough on spammers

Published February 19, 2003

Reg: Hotmail files anti-spam lawsuit. 'Microsoft has targeted spammers with a lawsuit aimed at bulk mailers who harvest email addresses of Hotmail subscribers in order to bombard them with junk. ... In the suit, Microsoft alleges that unnamed bulk mailers used tools to randomly generate email addresses prior to testing this list out to see which accounts were active. Essentially this is a form of dictionary attack, which Microsoft argues violates federal laws including the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Trespass is also involved in the attacks, the software giant argues.' Go Hotmail!

Also noteworthy: Out-Law.com: The Spammers Are Watching You: 'Eight out of ten spam e-mails contain covert tracking codes which allow the senders to record and log recipients' e-mail addresses as soon as they open the message.' well, duh, that's why SpamAssassin has a WEB_BUGS rule. Unfortunately, eight out of ten legit HTML newsletter mails also contain web bugs, too. :(

Incredible Documentary on the Venezuelan Coup

Published February 19, 2003

last night RTE showed Chavez - Inside The Coup, a documentary about the 2-day coup d'etat in Venezuela in April 2002 which overthrew Hugo Chavez, and was then in turn overthrown in a popular uprising.

It was incredible. The team had amazing access to Chavez and the presidential palace while the 2-day coup and mass protests went on. The cameras are right there while Chavez is taken into custody by the generals, carries on rolling through the censorship of the media, through the street protests and shotgun-blasting riot police, and then catches the loyal-to-Chavez presidential guard retaking the palace from the inside.

Finally, it follows the negotiations to get Chavez returned from custody etc.; his cabinet are right there, on screen, talking to the generals on the phone while you watch and listen. Incredible footage, right from the thick of it.

As far as I could tell, it's called Chavez - Inside The Coup, and is by Power Pictures, Irish lads from Galway, no less.

I've never seen anything like it. If you get a chance, don't miss it.

Sony’s Civil War

Published February 18, 2003

Wired: The Civil War Inside Sony.

By rights, Sony should own the portable player business. The company's first hit product, back in the '50s, was the transistor radio, the tinny-sounding invention that took rock and roll out of the house and away from the parents and allowed the whole Elvis thing to happen. A quarter-century later, the Walkman enabled the kids of the '70s to take their tapes and tune out the world. But the 21st-century Walkman doesn't bother with tapes or CDs or minidiscs; it stores hundreds of hours of music on its own hard drive. And it sports an Apple logo. ....

Where the iPod simply lets you sync its contents with the music collection on your personal computer, Walkman users are hamstrung by laborious 'check-in/check-out' procedures designed to block illicit file-sharing. And a Walkman with a hard drive? Not likely, since Sony's copy-protection mechanisms don't allow music to be transferred from one hard drive to another - not an issue with the iPod. 'We do not have any plans for such a product,' says Kimura, the smile fading. 'But we are studying it.' ....

What's changed since the original Walkman debuted is that Sony became the only conglomerate to be in both consumer electronics and entertainment. As a result, it's conflicted: Sony's electronics side needs to let customers move files around effortlessly, but its entertainment side wants to build in restraints, because it sees every customer as a potential thief.

Ashutosh Varshney on ethnic conflicts

Published February 18, 2003

Great interview with Ashutosh Varshney, an Indian political scientist investigating ethnic violence. From New Scientist, via Damien Morton on FoRK.

So what is the key to predicting which communities will turn violent and which will remain peaceful in times of ethnic unrest?

It comes down to how the cities or villages are structured, and the networks that people form across religious or ethnic divides. In India I have identified two types of civic network, which I call the associational and the everyday. The everyday type covers things such as Hindu and Muslim children playing together and their families and friends visiting each other or eating with each other, or taking part in festivals together. The associational type involves the two groups being members of the same trade unions, sports clubs, student unions, reading clubs, political parties or business organisations. Associational structures go beyond neighbourhood warmth, and in times of unrest they are much more robust. They can be a serious constraint on the polarising strategies of political elites. Places with strong networks of this kind are very likely to remain peaceful.

Webcams v. Spin-Doctors

Published February 18, 2003

The Reg: Do webcams break when Tony Blair walks by? A very interesting point; webcams, which provide perpetual surveillance by anyone who wants to, doesn't quite fit in with modern political image control.

Reverse-engineering: now even easier with added XML

Published February 17, 2003

Slashdot posts a story about 'Hacking the Streamium' -- the Streamium is an 'internet micro hi-fi' made by Philips. The poster writes 'the main gripes (are) that Philips controls which Internet radio stations you can listen to and that the PC-link software ... only runs on Windows. I managed to fix both of these problems by reverse engineering the PC-link protocol and writing my own pc-link server in perl, which can be run on practically any OS, *and* can trick the Streamium into playing any Internet MP3 stream that you want'.

A quick look at his page notes 'the protocol consists of fairly simple xml tags'. It sure does; I'd imagine it took all of 5 minutes with a tcpdump reversing that! In fact, it looks so easy to reverse-engineer, you'd have to wonder if the engineers at Philips weren't hoping something like this might happen ;)

Marching on Traffic-cam

Published February 16, 2003

traffic-camera pictures of the London anti-war march! What would J. G. Ballard make of this? ;)

and here's Hyde Park:

Unfortunately none similar of Dublin.

In passing -- an interesting factoid found on Adam Back's PGP Timeline page: 'While Iraq was still a secret US ally against Iran, Iraqi exchange students (in the US) using the same literature as (Phil Zimmermann, inventor of PGP) later did, wrote a working (Public Key) cryptosystem for (the Iraqi) military - which was using poison gas against the Kurds at the time.' Hmm, ironic!

Everest Base Camp to get internet cafe

Published February 16, 2003

BBC: High hopes for Everest cybercafe. 'Tsering Gyalzen hopes the internet facility at Mount Everest base camp will open by March. Proceeds from the venture will support pollution control at the camp, which is used by climbers hoping to scale the world's highest peak. Mr Gyalzen, a member of the Sherpa community, says launch plans for the ambitious project are in the final stage. He told the BBC he was awaiting permission from the authorities to install VSAT digital satellite and other equipment at the base camp, which is over 5,000 metres above sea level.' How cool is that?

Mark Fletcher and Trustic

Published February 16, 2003

Mark Fletcher is the guy behind Trustic, a new system which combines aspects of DNSBLs with (what Raph reckons is) a 'PageRank-ish trust metric'.

My take on Trustic is that it needs a way to accumulate trusted, non-spam-relaying addresses; I'm not sure how they intend to get that, apart from people setting up accounts to say 'this is my server'.

Anyway, he also has a blog, with this very interesting (and scary) snippet:

Elance, Spammers, and the Global Economy

eLance is a web site that connects contractors with companies looking to outsource projects. Companies post projects, including detailed descriptions of the work to be done, and contractors or contract houses bid on them. ... So what were many of the projects on eLance about? A quick scan revealed project titles such as: Email Address Extraction From Web Site, Ebay Email Extractor, Linux highspeed directmailer, and Bulk E-Mail and E-Mail Extraction Project. Elance is providing a way for spammers to develop new spam technologies, utilizing a cheap, skilled global work force!

Yikes. Sure enough, a search of eLance for 'bulk mail' reveals a seller called bulkemail01 (1-5 employees, headquartered in the USA): Bulk Mailing and Offshore Hosting Solutions: ' We provide bulk email soultions and offshore hosting for the advanced bulk mailer.'

And these projects -- as Mark notes, the project descriptions require a login, but the prospective-seller comments do not, so I've reproduced some snippets here. A search for bulk mail reveals 11 open projects, including: Bulk Mail Server and Bulk Mail Service Needed Immediately, Bulk E-Mail and Targeted E-Mail Extraction Project, Distributed Bulk Emailer, and bulletproof hosting and mailing needed.

A bunch called DbInnovation, 10-13 employees, based in Hungary and Russia, comments on one project that 'we are developing a high performance linux e-mailer. Sends through all kinds of proxies, uses several antifitering techniologies, uses random subjects and 'from' addresses, etc, etc, etc (LOTS of other features). Web-based control centre for it. The mailer can be run on 30-50 servers simmultaniously and controlled from one place. Every server sends LIGHT FAST - 5-7 millions daily. It is VERY complicated and POWERFULL clustered software. It was written on C and it tunes Linux kernel to make the speed as fast as possible. The sw is under redevelopment and will be ready to March.'

Hostrus, aka 'Hosting R Us', 6-19 employees, Toronta, Canada: comments 'We offer reliable spam tolerant bullet proof hosting that will NEVER get shut down!! we provide reliable bullet proof hosting We can provide you with references,test IPs and provide you with a solution'.

dsln (profile 'no longer available'): We have servers in Jakarta, Indonesia, India, Japan , Brazil, Arentina, Russia. And all of them are BULK EMAIL FRIENDLY. You server will never e SHUT DOWN due to complains. The ISP's will take up all the heat,what soever. The line would be 2MBPS one.You will also get 16 IPs per server, which can be changed every 15 days as you want. New Pool of IPs can be given to you every 15 days. These servers can be utilised very well for the mailing, you ae looking at. ... We can do these kind of mailing for you. We mail arround 8-10 Million email IDs , using several servers and can do this kind of mailing for you as well. The cost for sending 10 Million emails would be $1050.

MobileSoft (Karachi, Pakistan): 'We can provide you the SPAM Friendly Dedicated servers with control panel , we can handle more than 50 K Complaints daily, we will provide you the ips as your requirement'.

prompt (Anmol Solutions, Argentina): 'I can host you at 4 bullet proof places, 2 in Arg and brazil each, i can give you 2 *256 ips if you want and you will have 10 MPBS line. For each server you will be charged $250 per month and $400 setup charges, you may easyly go upto 25 servers with the same amt of bw yes u may mail u may host u may do what ever you want :)'

A couple of other sites show the same situation: here's a project at ContractedWork.com to build a 'Bulk Mailer using open Proxies'.

In other words, these sites provide what seems to be a good look into the heart of spamware development. Scary stuff.

BTW an open invitation: if any 'white hats' out there get their hands on specific spamware, I'd appreciate them dropping me a line (email addr here). The idea is to analyze the tools and get good signatures for their spam, then add those signatures to SpamAssassin.

In other news, Slashdot reports that SpamAssassin apparently blocks Crypto-Gram. Not quite the case: as Dan points out, it gets 3.2 on version 2.44, and 1.9 on the nearly-released 2.50. That's well inside the 'this is ham' range. However, this comment reports that the mail has been listed in Razor, which pushes it up to 5.9...

So more correctly -- Razor thinks it's spam, not SpamAssassin ;)

Richard Dawkins on GM foods

Published February 14, 2003

Richard Dawkins: why Prince Charles is so wrong (via BB).

An interesting read, if only because Richard Dawkins misses several massive chunks of the anti-GMO argument, as several folks point out on the BB discussion board. Firstly, the profit drive is the only thing driving deployed GM products, and that's already been shown to produce unsafe results, in the UK with BSE. Secondly, as one of the posters says, 'Oh, yeah -- Dawkins is absolutely right (in comparing GM to modifying running software): Nothing to gripe about when people tinker with your mission critical apps'.

GTA: Vice City

Published February 11, 2003

Grand Theft Auto: Vice City has been nominated for the Designer of the Year award in London:

'We will be highlighting the reason why it is worthy for this prize,' (the curator) added, noting the game's attention to detail in costuming, music and atmosphere.

'I've never been so excited to just watch a video game, never mind playing it,' said Sellers. 'It is really great to see all the details and feel the nuances. Playing it is even better.'

I must say, I have to agree. It's easily one of the best games I've ever played; insanely playable and full of amazing attention to detail. The content's a bit strong in places, but the same can be said of Mean Streets or Scarface, and I'm sure they may have picked up an award or two themselves, along the way. It's just (interactive) fiction.

Proposed Irish data retention laws

Published February 10, 2003

Karlin notes this about 'the extraordinary letter the Department of Justice sent out this week to various parties'.

According to the letter, the Department will hold a preliminary forum to 'initiate' a consultation process on its proposed three-year data retention bill ... The forum begins at 3pm -- clearly making sure no long and unruly discussions will develop! -- and starts with a 20-minute address by the Minister, followed by a 20-minute address by the Dept of Communications on the 1997 EU Data Privacy Directive (which, BTW, Ireland STILL has not implemented despite being under legal threat by the EU -- and note that there's no mention of the far more crucial 2002 amended Directive, voted in last May by a spineless and ill-informed EU Parliament, which allows for up to SEVEN YEARS data retention.

Then -- and this is the amazing bit -- attendees get a 20 minute pep talk by An Garda Siochana (the Irish police force) 'on the contribution of data retention in the fight against crime.'

When you pick yourself up off the floor, remind yourself that this is the Irish government's formal initiation of a purported public discussion on data retention -- brought to you by the Irish police. Amazing. You'd have thought they'd at least *pretend* to be balanced and disinterested, and perhaps ask Joe Meade, the Irish Data Protection Commissioner, to contribute as well. ...

The Department of Justice itself should have nothing whatsoever to do with ANY consultation process on this proposed bill. Instead, as in the UK, an independent Dail group should hold hearings and get public input into this.

SpamAssassin makes the New York Times!

Published February 10, 2003

James Gleick: A Plague on E-Mail, in yesterday's New York Times magazine. We've broken out of the 'technology' section!

One of the best tools for network administrators is an ever-evolving program called SpamAssassin, which uses a range of tests and a point system to identify spam...

It's so cool that James Gleick likes our 'delightful SpamAssassin irony', too ;)

They seek him here, they seek him there…

Published February 10, 2003

Looking for an old mate, Alan Toner, and it's turning out to be tricky; the last mail address I had for him now bounces.

is he in a social centre for 'casualised workers' in Rome?
or in NY as 'the man with no bio'?
or speaking at the Oekonux conference in Berlin on 'Commons, Criminalization, General Intellect and the Politics of Technology and Culture - Direct Payments from Users to Producers as an Alternative to Intellectual Property Rights'?

It seems all three. He gets around!

IraqBlog

Published February 9, 2003

Dear Raed -- a blog from an Iraqi bloke called Salam Pax. It's amazing to read this; a true, educated, passionate, reasonable voice from inside Iraq.

The trenches and sandbag mountains I wrote about last week are now all over Baghdad. They are not being put there by the army; they are part of the Party's preparations for an insurgence. Each day a different area of Baghdad goes thru the motions. Party members spread in the streets of that area, build the trenches, sit in them polishing their Kalashnikovs and drink tea. The annoyance-factor of these training days depend on the zeal of the party members in that area. Until now the worst was the (14th of Ramadan) street, they stopped cars searched them and asked for ID and military cards, good thing I wasn't going thru that street, I still have not stamped my military papers to show that I have done my reserves training.

Totally off on a tangent, but that street-name reminds me of a line from McCarthy's Bar (extract here):

In Germany once, in the military garrison town of Erlangen, I had a few drinks with three American GIs who were planning to visit England because it would be neat to see where John Lennon and Elvis grew up'. They also wanted to know if they could use dollars, and would the street signs be in English? I tried to tell them about Elvis coming from Tennessee, but it seemed to make them want to kill me. The Twenty-eighth Rule states: Never Get Drunk with Soldiers (particularly in countries where the streets are named after dates).

SHOWDOWN in the CRISIS in the WAR in IRAQ in the GULF

Published February 8, 2003

SomethingAwful provide their own inimitable spin on how the potential war in Iraq will be fought, featuring Operation: Fifty Legions of Sardaukar ('Imperial strategists estimate minimal casualties among the Sardaukar troops and allied forces of Baron Tony Blair and House United Kingdom'), and Operation: Winnuke ('US_of_A(NATO) wants to send you the file Dance_Routine(Funny!).wmv.vbs').

Spam about spamming

Published February 7, 2003

how unfortunate! I guess this spammer hit the wrong key when selecting which set of addresses to send this mail to...

Joshua,

Here is the harvested list 165 names for telecom central office installation. Put together a email promo that we can send out.

Dad

Subject: Telecom email broadcast marketing
From: "Larry" (spam-protected)
Date: Fri, 7 Feb 2003 07:12:43 -0700 (14:12 GMT)
To: "Joshua Dyer (E-mail)" (spam-protected)

(Here's the full text, headers and all:)

From (spam-protected) Fri Feb 7 17:57:50 2003 Return-Path: (spam-protected) Delivered-To: (spam-protected) Received: from localhost (jalapeno)
by jmason.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 119CB16F17 for (spam-protected) Fri, 7 Feb 2003 17:57:49 +0000 (GMT) Received: from jalapeno by localhost with IMAP (fetchmail-5.9.0) for (spam-protected) (single-drop); Fri, 07 Feb 2003 17:57:49 +0000 (GMT) Received: from mail.oelsales.com ([216.205.114.98]) by dogma.slashnull.org (8.11.6/8.11.6) with ESMTP id h17Fv7E22990; Fri, 7 Feb 2003 15:57:09 GMT Received: from LARRY by mail.oelsales.com with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.13) id AF4F931006A; Fri, 07 Feb 2003 08:14:39 -0600 From: "Larry" (spam-protected) To: "Joshua Dyer (E-mail)" (spam-protected) Subject: Telecom email broadcast marketing Date: Fri, 7 Feb 2003 07:12:43 -0700 Message-Id: (spam-protected) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0503_01C2CE78.4F82BA40" X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-Msmail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook CWS, Build 9.0.2416 (9.0.2911.0) X-Mimeole: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1106 Importance: Normal X-Spam-Status: No, hits=4.5 required=5.0 tests=BAYES_30,HTML_70_80,HTML_FONT_COLOR_BLUE,
HTML_FONT_COLOR_GREEN,HTML_FONT_COLOR_RED, HTML_FONT_FACE_ODD,HTML_MESSAGE,RCVD_IN_NJABL, SMTPD_IN_RCVD,X_NJABL_OPEN_PROXY version=2.50-cvs X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 2.50-cvs (1.167-2003-02-03-exp)

This is a multi-part message in MIME format.

------=_NextPart_000_0503_01C2CE78.4F82BA40

Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

Joshua,

Here is the harvested list 165 names for telecom central office

installation.

Put together a email promo that we can send out.

Dad

Larry Dyer, President

OEL WORLDWIDE INDUSTRIES : Worldwide Optics PO Box 445 Palmer Lake, CO 80133 websites: www.oelsales.com & www.worldwideoptics.com Corporate: 719 559-0951 Fax: 719 559-0955 National Sales: 800 818-2244

------=_NextPart_000_0503_01C2CE78.4F82BA40

Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

Joshua,

Here=20 is the harvested list 165 names for telecom central office=20 installation.

Put=20 together a email promo that we can send out.

Dad

Larry Dyer,=20 President

OEL=20 WORLDWIDE INDUSTRIES :

Worldwide =

Optics

PO Box 445

Palmer Lake, CO = 80133

websites: =20 www.oelsales.com & www.worldwideoptics.com

Corporate: 719 = 559-0951

Fax: 719 = 559-0955

National Sales: = 800 818-2244

------=_NextPart_000_0503_01C2CE78.4F82BA40--

Danny reports "the always excellent c't magazine analyses the hypotheticals of the Dutch IP-surveillance scandal:

According to anonymous sources within the Dutch intelligence community, all tapping equipment of the Dutch intelligence services and half the tapping equipment of the national police force, is insecure and is leaking information to Israel. ..."

Yikes. You'd think they'd have learnt from Ireland's mistakes.... this article (update: moved to here) reports that massive back-door use by a third-party government occurred before in similar circumstances, during the Anglo-Irish negotiations of 1985.

For those of you who don't know, these discussions were between the Republic of Ireland and the UK, and took place in London.

In order to allow the negotiating team to contact their government and civil service securely, a million-pound cryptographic system had been bought in order to secure the link between the Irish Embassy in London and the government in Dublin.

Unfortunately, this equipment was thoroughly compromised.

It turns out that the Swiss company from which the equipment was bought, namely Crypto AG, had cooperated with the NSA and the BND (the NSA's German equivalent), to allow them to decipher the traffic trivially. (Judging from the snippet from another article below, sounds like this was done using a known-plaintext attack).

The NSA routinely monitored and deciphered the Irish diplomatic messages. All it took then was for the UK's NSA equivalent, GCHQ, to pull some strings, and the UK government had a distinct advantage in the negotiations from then on.

Another source for details on Crypto AG's breakage is Der Spiegel, issue 36/96, pages 206-207. Here's some snippets:

The secret man (sic) have obviously a great interest to direct the trading of encryption devices into ordered tracks. ... A former employee of Crypto AG reported that he had to coordinate his developments with "people from Bad Godesberg". This was the residence of the "central office for encryption affairs" of the BND, and the service instructed Crypto AG what algorithms to use to create the codes.

Members of the American secret service National Security Agency (NSA) also visited the Crypto AG often. The memorandum of the secret workshop of the Crypto AG in August 1975 on the occasion of the demonstration of a new prototype of an encryption device mentions as a participant the cryptographer of the NSA, Nora Mackebee. ...

Depending on the projected usage area the manipulation on the cryptographic devices were more or less subtle, said Polzer. Some buyers only got simplified code technology according to the motto "for these customers that is sufficient, they don't not need such a good stuff."

In more delicate cases the specialists reached deeper into the cryptographic trick box: The machines prepared in this way enriched the encrypted text with "auxiliary informations" that allowed all who knew this addition to reconstruct the original key. The result was the same: What looked like inpenetrateable secret code to the users of the Crypto-machines, who acted in good faith, was readable with not more than a finger exercise for the informed listener.

Full text here.

So what's the bottom line? Use GPG! ;)

From: Julian Assange (spam-protected)

To: (spam-protected) (spam-protected)
Date: Mon, 14 Oct 1996 13:24:31 +1000 (EST)

Approved: (spam-protected)

Subject: BoS: Crypto AG = Crypto NSA/BNG ?

Thanks to Anonymous for this English translation of the German original.

secret services undermine cryptographic devices

Archive of "DER SPIEGEL" issue 36/96 pages 206-207

"Who is the authorized fourth"

Secret services undermine the protection of cryptographic devices.

Switzerland is a discreet place. Uncounted millions of illegal money find an asylum in the discreet banks of the republic. Here another business can prosper, which does not need any publicity: the production of cryptographic devices.

A top address for tools of secrecy was for several decades the company Crypto AG in Zug. It was founded in 1952 by the legendary Swedish cryptographer Boris Hagelin. Hundreds of thousands of his "Hagelin-machines", pendants of the German "Enigma" devices, were used in World War II on the side of the Allies.

A prospectus of the company states: "In the meantime, the Crypto AG has built up long standing cooperative relations with customers in 130 countries." Crypto AG delivers enciphering devices applicable to voice as well as data networks.

But behind this solid facade the most impudent secret service feint of the century has been staged: German and American services are under suspicion of manipulation of the cryptographic devices of Crypto AG in a way that makes the codes crackable within a very short time, and this allegedly happened until the end of the eighties.

Customers of Crypto AG are many honorable institutions, like the Vatican, as well as countries like Iraq, Iran, Libya, that are at the top of the priority list of U.S. services. At the beginning of the nineties the discreet company was suspected to play an unfair game. What was the source of the "direct precise and undeniable proofs" U.S. president Reagan referred to when he ordered the bombardment of Libya, the country he called the wire puller of the attack against the disco La Belle? Obviously the U.S services were able to read encrypted radio transmissions between Tripoli and its embassy in East Berlin.

Hans Buehler, a sales engineer of Crypto AG, got between the fronts of the secret service war. On March 18, 1992, the unsuspecting tradesman was arrested in Teheran. During the nine and a half months of solitary confinement in a military prison he had to answer over and over again, to whom he leaked the codes of Teheran and the keys of Libya.

In the end Crypto AG paid generously the requested bail of about one million German marks (DM), but dismissed the released Buehler a few weeks later. The reason: Buehlers publicity, "especially during and after his return" was harmful for the company. But Buehler started to ask inconvenient questions and got surprising answers.

Already the ownership of the Crypto AG was diffuse. A "foundation", established by Hagelin, provides according to the company "the best preconditions for the independence of the company".

But a big part of the shares are owned by German owners in changing constellations. Eugen Freiberger, who is the head of the managing board in 1982 and resides in Munich, owns all but 6 of the 6,000 shares of Crypto AG. Josef Bauer, who was elected into managing board in 1970, now states that he, as an authorized tax agent of the Muenchner Treuhandgesellschaft KPMG [Munich trust company], worked due to a "mandate of the Siemens AG". When the Crypto AG could no longer escape the news headlines, an insider said, the German shareholders parted with the high-explosive share.

Some of the changing managers of Crypto AG did work for Siemens before. Rumors, saying that the German secret service BND was hiding behind this engagement, were strongly denied by Crypto AG.

But on the other hand it appeared like the German service had an suspiciously great interest in the prosperity of the Swiss company. In October 1970 a secret meeting of the BND discussed, "how the Swiss company Graettner could be guided nearer to the Crypto AG or could even be incorporated with the Crypto AG." Additionally the service considered, how "the Swedish company Ericsson could be influenced through Siemens to terminate its own cryptographic business."

The secret man have obviously a great interest to direct the trading of encryption devices into ordered tracks. Ernst Polzer*, a former employee of Crypto AG, reported that he had to coordinate his developments with "people from Bad Godesberg". This was the residence of the "central office for encryption affairs" of the BND, and the service instructed Crypto AG what algorithms to use to create the codes. (* name changed by the editor)

Members of the American secret service National Security Agency (NSA) also visited the Crypto AG often. The memorandum of the secret workshop of the Crypto AG in August 1975 on the occasion of the demonstration of a new prototype of an encryption device mentions as a participant the cryptographer of the NSA, Nora Mackebee.

Bob Newman, an engineer of the chip producer Motorola, which cooperated with Crypto AG in the seventies to develop a new generation of electronic encryption machines, knows Mackebee. She was introduced to him as a "counselor".

"The people knew Zug very good and gave travel tips to the Motorola people for the visit at Crypto AG", Newman reported. Polzer also remembers the American "watcher", who strongly demanded the use of certain encryption methods.

Depending on the projected usage area the manipulation on the cryptographic devices were more or less subtle, said Polzer. Some buyers only got simplified code technology according to the motto "for these customers that is sufficient, they don't not need such a good stuff."

In more delicate cases the specialists reached deeper into the cryptographic trick box: The machines prepared in this way enriched the encrypted text with "auxiliary informations" that allowed all who knew this addition to reconstruct the original key. The result was the same: What looked like inpenetrateable secret code to the users of the
Crypto-machines, who acted in good faith, was readable with not more than a finger exercise for the informed listener.

The Crypto AG called such reports "old hearsay" and "pure invention". But the process, that was started by the company against the former employee Buehler, on the grounds that he had said that there might be some truth in the suspicions of the Iranian investigators, surprisingly ended in November of last year.

After the trial, that could have brought embarrassing details to the light, the company agreed to an settlement outside the court. Since that time Buehler is very silent with regard to this case. "He made his fortune financially," presumed an insider of the scene.

"In the industry everybody knows how such affairs will be dealed with," said Polzer, a former colleague of Buehler. "Of course such devices protect against interception by unauthorized third parties, as stated in the prospectus. But the interesting question is: Who is the authorized fourth?"

-- "Of all tyrannies a tyranny sincerely exercised for the good of its victims may be the most oppressive. It may be better to live under robber barons than under omnipotent moral busybodies, The robber baron's cruelty may sometimes sleep, his cupidity may at some point be satiated; but those who torment us for own good will torment us without end, for they do so with the approval of their own conscience." - C.S. Lewis, _God in the Dock_ +---------------------+--------------------+----------------------------------+ |Julian Assange RSO | PO Box 2031 BARKER | Secret Analytic Guy Union | (spam-protected) | VIC 3122 AUSTRALIA | finger for PGP key hash ID = | (spam-protected) | FAX +61-3-98199066 | 0619737CCC143F6DEA73E27378933690 | +---------------------+--------------------+----------------------------------+

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